Polymer Processing: Historical Survey
The beginning of plastics prcessing and extrusion prcessing is associated with the introduction of guta-percha into England during the 1840s and its commercial development as insulation for electrical wire. One of the eary pioneers of the new industry was Thomas Hancock’s younger brother, Charles Hancock, one of the founders of the Guta Perch a Cmpany. In his patents of 1846 ~1847, Chares Hancock described fabrication of guta-pfcha using a processing technology similar to that developed in the rubber industry largely by his brother. He used a “pickle” -type masticator for compounding guta-percha with additives incuding sulur and softeners. He also sheeted with rollers and vulanized the products wtih sulfur.
The first foamed plastics and rubber products were developed in 1846 in separate patents by the Hnacock brothers. Chares Hancock (English Patent No. 11032) foamed guta-percha using ammonium carbonate and similar compounds. Wilam Brockedon and Thomas Hancock (English patent No. 11455) produced foamed products using sulur chloride dissolved in a rubber or guta-percha solution.
The first ram extrusion devices were described in the patents of 1845 by Richard. A Broom  an (English Patent No. 10582) and Henry Bewley (English Patent No. 10825), which dis  cussed the manufacture of guta-percha thread, tubes and hose. Brooman’ s patent uses a five  hole die that produces five simulaneous continuous filaments which are extruded into a bath and taken up on a rll Bewley’s patent extruded tubes and hose. Chares Hancock, who was a part  ner of Bewley in the Guta Percha Company, is said to have developed insulation coating for wire using Bewley’s extrusion methods. Methods of coating wires are described in patents by Barow and Forster (Englsh Patent No. 12136) and by Siemens (English Patent No. 13062) in 1848′ 1850. The first great successes of guta-percha were its application to electrical insula  tion of the Dover-Calasi and trans-Atantic cables.
The development of continuous extrusion of plastics using screw extruders began with guta-percha and natural rubber and dates from the 1870s. The concept of screw pumping seems to be atributable to Archimedes. The earier use of screw pumps in the soap industry is described in the patent literature. The frst patent for screw extrusion is that of Mathew Gray of London in 1879 ( English Patent No.5056). Interestingly, the reason for the invention as cited by Gray is the existence of defects in coatings placed on wires. The extruder was fed from a two-roll mill or calendering device. There seems to have been independent developments of the screw extruder in Germany and the USA about the same time, but Gray’s patent is the first clear statement.

The  next stage in the development of cellulose nitrate as a plastics. The first moves in this direction during the 1860s by Alexander Parkes and Daniels Spill in England met with only limited success. Cellulose nitrate could not be melted and they used a range of volatile solvents that evaporated from their products. There left high levels of residual stresses which caused shrinking and cracking. Parkes and Spill had rubber-processing backgrounds and apparently used rubber-processing machinery. In the USA, John Wesley Hyat and his brother Isaiah Smith Hyat found that compounds or solutions of celulose nitrate in nonvolatile camphor produced more desirable products. This was caled Celuloid. The Celuloid Manufacturing Company was formed in the 1870s in Newark, New Jersey, to exploit this product and proved to be a great success. The Hyats and their associates developed many important industrial process  ing operations to exploit Celuloid.
An 1872 patent by the Hyat brothers (US Patent No. 133229) contains both the reinvention of the ram extruder and the first ram injection molding machine. They caled this a stufing machine. John Wesley Hyat later described the use of complex muliple-cavity molds to be used in conjunction with the stufing machine. This would either mold objects or coat cores of objects in the mold.
In an 1878 patent, John Wesley Hyat (US Patent No. 204228) described the extrusion of Celuloid from the stufing machine over a mandrel coated with a lubricant. This mandrel could be programmable and expand to produce complex holow shapes. This led to the development of blow molding in 1881 by the Hyate’ coleague, Wiliam B Carpenter (US Patent No. 237168). Here, a preformed extruded tube is placed in a mold and is then expanded to fil the moldby pumping a heated fuid into the tube. These inventions were largely employed to produce a range of products incuding components of dolls and liners for pipes.
The 1880s saw the development of the synthetic fiber industry. Brooman’ s 1845 patent for the formation of guta-percha thread sets out clear procedures for producing fibers from the melt. The synthetic fibers sold commercialy in this period were produced from cellulose nitrate which could not be melted. A method of producing fibers by extruding acetic acid so  lutions of celulose nitrate into a water or alcohol coagulation bath was described by Joseph Wilson Swan (English Patent No. 5978) in 1883. Swan’s patent described the later carboni  zation of the fibers with heat and thus represents the beginning of the carbon-fiber industry. Swan’s application was filaments for incandescent lights. Shorty thereafter in France, the Count de Chardonnet (US Patent No. 394559) described a prcess for forming fibers from either alcohol solutions into a water coagulation bath. De Chardonnet produced much finer fibers than Swan, he formed a company and commercialized them as an artificial silk. Later, de Chardonnet (US Patent NO. 531158) described a dry spinning prcess in which the filaments were extruded into the air where the solvent was evaporated. Also, during the 1890s, using the system of and colaborating with Cross, Bevan and Beadle, Stearn invented a reactive spinning method in whch celulose is dissolved in a mixture of sodium hydrxide and carbon disulfide to form cellulose xanthate, which is extruded into an acd coagulating bath that regenerates the cellulose. This material became known a rayon.
The first truly synthetic plastics, phenol formaldehyde resins, were developed commercialy by Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Blgian immigrant to the USA, just before 1910. These were poured as low or intermediate molecular weight liquids into molds where they were polymerized into three dimensional networks. Bakelte prducts were compression molded.

The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticating unit or other components of the processing equipment.

Molds used in injection molding consist of two halves; one stationary and one mova ble. The stationary half is fastened directy to the stationary plate and is in direct contact with the nozzle of the injection unit during operation. The movable half of the mold is secured to the movable platen and usualy contains the ejector mechanism. There are many possible mold designs, incuding multiple piece molds for complicated parts. On production injection molding equipment many artices may be shot at the same time by the use of multiple cavity mol ds. The use of a balanced runner system caries the plastic from the sprue to each individual cavity. At this point the material passes through a gate into the cavity. The gate is a restriction, smaler than the runner,to provide for even filing of the mold cavity and to alow the products to be easily removed fom the runner system. With most injection molding systems, the artices can be snapped away from the runner or sprue without additional trim mingo Products that have been injection molded can usualy be identified by finding where the gate was broken of. The gate wil usualy be located at the edge or parting line of an object or in the center of cylindrical product.

Molds are expensive, as are the machines. Yet, once the product has been designed, molds made, and production started, artices can be produced in quantity at low cost. Virtualy al thermoplastics can be injection molded through variations in mold and ma chine design.
Mold (and die) parts that are mass-produced and standardized in shape and dimension are referred to as “standards” (or, “standard parts”). Specialized operators of miling ma  chines, lathes, electronic discharge machining (EDM) equipment and grinders produce mold components, independenty of each other, folowing detailed mold part drawings. Finaly, al these items come together with the standard mold base and hardware and are assembled by the mold maker. Today, standard components for the moldmaking industry are marketed by a number of companies.

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Molds used in injection molding consist of two halves; one stationary and one movable. The stationary half is fasterned directly to the stationary plate and is in direct contract with the nozzle of the injection unit during operation. The movable half of the mold is secured to the movable platen and usually containers the ejector mechanism. There are many possible mold designs, including multiple piece molds for complicated parts. On production injection molding equipment many articles may be shot at the same time by the use of multiple cavity molds.

The introduction of molds.

The mold is at the core a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as,  for example, the plasticating unit or other components of the processing equipment.

Injection Molding Machines and Selection Resin

Injection molding machines are manufactured in many sizes. There are rated according to size by the amount of material which can be injection in one cycle, ranging from a fration of an ounce in the samll laboratory models to many pounds in large production equipement. Laboratory models are used in the rearch and development of new polymers and  molding techniques.

There are two basic unit of an injection molding machine; one for injecting the heated plastic and other for opening and closing the plastic mold. The first unit includes a feed hopper, heated injection cylinder, and an injection plunger or screw system. The second unit comprises a hydraulic operated moving platen and a stationary platen on which the halves of the mold are mounted. Injection molding machineare also available in vertical models.

There are many variations in injection molding machine design, however, the basic machines are of either the screw-ram, of plunger type. The main differences between these types is the method in which the plastic material is delivered from the hopper to the nozzle of the machine. Machine of the reciprocating-screw type are used more because of faster cycles, lower melting temperaturers, and better mixing of the material.

The injection molding machine has a variety of instrumentation used for the clamping unit, mold, and injection mollding machine shows the most important possibilities of the instrumentation. In fact, there is no known direct method for in-line checking of the condition of the mold.

It’s time to discuss some plastic terminology.  I am not an organic chemist of plastics engineer.  I’m gathering this information from other sources and I may not be explaining it as accurately as I need to.  Be warned. 

Polyolefin – is a polymer produced from a simple olefin, or alkene as a monomer.  For example, polyethylene is a polyolefin produced by “polymerizing” the olefin “ethylene”.  Another common polyolefin is polypropylene.  I consider polyolefin a general term for a family of plastics.  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyolefin)

Polyethylene – is a semi-crystalline plastic with excellent chemical resistance, good fatigue, and wear resistance.  They can have a wide range of properties which are determined by the length and degree of branching of their polymer chain.  In general, polyethylenes have good resistance to organic solvents, high impact strength, are light weight, resistant to staining, and have a low moisture absorption rate.  They are easy to distinguish from other plastics because they float in water.              (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyethylene)

HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) – HDPE is the most common polyethylene used in industry.  It offers excellent impact resistance and high tensile strength.  Technically speaking, it has a low degree of branching and thus a stronger intermolecular forces.  HDPE is non-toxic and meets FDA and USDA certifications for food processing.  It is commonly used for the manufacturing of milk jugs, margarine tubs, detergent containers and trash cans.  It is also an excellent material for use in trench drain and storm sewer pipe. 

Polypropylene  is an economical material that offers a combination of outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties not found in any other thermoplastic.  It has a lower impact strength that does HDPE, but it also has better tensile strength and superior heat resistance. 

Structural Foam – is a structure imparted to an olefin during processing that gives the plastic addition strength and resilience.  More on this later. 

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – Is a widely used thermoplastic polymer.  Over 50% of the PVC products manufactured are used in construction as a building material.  PVC offers excellent corrosion and weather resistance and has a high strength-to-weight ratio.  PVC is inexpensive, easy to clean, and a popular replacement for wood and concrete building materials.  It is used in house sidings, drainage pipe, window profiles and plumbing fixtures (such as some trench drain).  Despite appearing to be an ideal building material, concerns have been raised about the costs of PVC to the natural environment and human health.    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyvinyl_chloride)

Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester – Polyester is a category of condensation polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain.  This group also includes polycarbonates.  Polyesters are popular for being used as a woven fabric.  When fiberglass is added to polyester, the resultant material is more durable and resistant to impact. 

UV Inhibitors – These are chemical additives that are added to plastic which help to retard the damaging effects of ultraviolet light to the plastic.

Injection Molding – This is a forming method by which intricate trench drain products (or other plastic shapes) can be shaped.  In this process, a heated and liquid thermoplastic is injected into a plastic mold that contains a cavity that has the shape which is desired.  Once injected with plastic, the mold and part is cooled.  The resulting plastic shape is removed from the mold and trimmed of flashing (excess plastic).  This method is needed to form pre-sloped trench channels.  Though mold costs are expensive, one mold is required for each size of pre-sloped channel.

Extrusion – Another method of making trench channel is extrusion.  In this process, a heated batch of thermoplastic is continuously injected through a water-cooled die.  The shape of the die will determine the cross-section of the extruded part.  This method can be used to make simple, non-complex parts such as pipe, tubes and u-shaped channels.  The most inexpensive channel drain products are made using this forming method

Injection Molding Injection molding is a replication involving injecting molten plastic under pressure into the cavity of a mold followed by cooling and removal of the solidified part that retains a replica of the mold. Injection molding is usually created by large injection molding machines and is used to make parts out of plastic.Products that have been made from injection molding can be tiny and barely visible to the naked eye, or as large as an exterior body panel on an automobile. Injection molding is an expensive process because a heavy duty mold must be created for each type of part. Due to this expense, injection molding is typically used when a certain product is needed in bulk. Injection molds can cost a thousand dollars for a small mold, or hundreds of thousands of dollars for a large complex mold. The benefit of injection molding is that thousands of identical items can be produced simply because they came from the same mold. This means that with injection molding consumers are guaranteed to have a consistent, predictable product.

A

Aesthetics - The sum total of the visual response to the beauty of an object. Elements of aesthetics may include: color, shape or particular features of the object.

Aging - The physical and/ or chemical changes of a material with respect to time, under defined environmental conditions, leading to improvement or deterioration of properties.

Amber - A chromatic (brown) color of glass or plastic containers. It is used principally to protect the contents of the container from exposure to light. For an example of amber plastic check out our PET Bottles or Plastic jars pages.

Antioxidants – A chemical substance added to a plastic resin to minimize or prevent the effects of oxygen attack on the plastic, e.g., yellowing or degradation. Chemical attacks by oxygen can render a plastic brittle or cause it to lose desired mechanical properties.

Antistatic Agent – A chemical substance applied to the surface of a plastic article or incorporated in the plastic from which the article is made. The antistatic agent renders the surface of the plastic article less susceptible to the accumulation of electrostatic charges, which attract and hold fine dirt or dust on the surface of the plastic article.

B

Barrier Resins- A group of resins specially formulated to resist the transmission of oxygen, water, solvents essential oils, etc.

Blow Mold - Cavity that receives the Preform, which will be blown into the desired shape.

Blow Pin - Used in Extrusion Blow Molding. Hollow tube that pierces Preform and introduces air to blow Preform into shape of Blow Mold.

Buttress Thread - A design of thread profile (cross section), which take the form of a truncated triangle or slight modification of that for. It is usually positioned so the right angle is at the bottle of the thread cross section and adjacent to the neck of the bottle finish. The horizontal leg of the right triangle is the bearing surface for a matching cap thread. It is designed to withstand maximum force in one direction only.

C

Capacity – (1) The amount of space provide inside a container for a given amount of product. (2) The total amount of volume inside the container. The latter is more correctly called the overflow capacity.

Cavity - That part of the mold, which contains the reverse image of the product being formed.

Clarity – Freedom of haze or cloudiness in a plastic material. PET bottles offer great clarity for examples check out our PET section.

Closure – A devise used to seal off the opening of the bottle to prevent the loss of its contents. SKS offers a wide selection of closure options. Check out our cap/closure index.

Cobalt - A blue colored plastic. Examples of cobalt plastic.

Color Concentrate - A measured amount of dye or pigment incorporated into a predetermined about of plastic. This pigmented or colored plastic is then mixed into larger quantities or plastic material used for molding. The concentrate is added to the bulk of plastic in measured quantity in order to produce a precise, predetermined color of the molded bottles

Cold Runner - Flow channel for heat-softened polymer, which goes from the Plastifier to the mold cavities. Polymer in the flow channel is cooled with shaped parts in cavities and is later removed, reground, and reused.

Continuous Thread - an uninterrupted protruding helix on the neck of a container used to hold screw-type closures.

Copolymer – A material whose chemical structure is made of long chins of two differently structured chemical units (Monomers) which repeat a more or less regular patter in the chain.

Core - That part of a mold that allows the internal shaping of a product such as the internal threads of a cap.

Core Rod - Used in Injection Blow and Injection Stretch Blow Molding. Used in conjunction with a Preform Mold to manufacture a Preform. The Preform is formed around the Core Rod creating a hollow tube, which will then be transferred to a Blow Mold where air will be introduced forcing the Preform to take the shape of the Blow Mold cavity.

D

Deflashing – Any technique or method removing excess unwanted material from a molded article. Specifically, the excess material is removed from places on the article where parting lines of the mold that formed the article may have caused the excess material to be formed.

Density – Weight per unit volume of a substance. Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, etc.

Drop Test – Any test method in which the article being tested is dropped in a specified manner for a specified number of times or until the article fails from impact.

Discoloration - any change from the original color. Discoloration is often caused by overheating, light exposure, irritation, or chemical attack.

E

“E” Dimension - The outside diameter of neck on a threaded bottle neck (finish) is measured across the root of the threads. For a visual example check out our neck finish page.

Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) – The susceptibility of a thermoplastic article to cracking under the influence of certain chemicals and stress.

Extrusion Blow Molding - A molding process whereby heat-softened polymer is forced into the shape of a hollow tube. While still soft, a mold closes around the tube, pinching the top and bottom of the tube closed. A Blow Pin is introduced, and air is forced through the pin forcing the tube to take the shape of the Blow Mold cavity.

F

Fill Point - The level to which a container must be filled to furnish a designated quantity of the contents.

Finish – The plastic forming the opening of a container and shaped to accommodate a specific closure. For more information on neck finishes check out the neck finish page.

Fitment – A device used as part of a closure assembly to accomplish a certain purpose such as, dropper, sprinkler, powder shakers, etc.

Flame Treating - A method of rendering inert thermoplastic objects receptive to inks, lacquers, paints, adhesives, etc. in which the object is bathed in an open flame to promote oxidation of the surface of the article.

Flash- Extra plastic attached to molded ware along the parting line, which must be removed before the part can be considered finished.

Fluorination – Is an extra process in which a thermoplastic article (container or closures) is exposed to fluorine gas. The fluorine substitutes with some hydrogen atoms in the polymer chain creating a barrier and surface enhancement. Benefits include improved barrier properties and reduced solvent absorption and permeation.

G

Gate - Used in Injection. Injection Blow, and Injection Stretch Blow Molding. The orifice through which the heat-softened polymer enters the cavity.

H

“H” Dimension – The height of the bottle finish measured from the sealing surface, in a line parallel to the axis of the finish and tangent to the threads on the finish, down to a point where the line intersects the body (shoulder) of the container. The inside height of the closure measured from the bottom of the closure, in a line tangent to the threads of the closure and terminating at the inside, top of closure. For more information check out the neck finish page.

HDPE – An abbreviation for High Density Polyethylene

Head Space - The space between the fill level of a container and the sealing surface.

Heel – The part of a bottle between the bottle bearing surface and the side wall.

Hot Runner- Flow channel for heat-softened polymer, which goes from the Plastifier to the mold cavities. Polymer in the flow channel is kept softened so there is no runner material to grind up and reuse.

Hopper- Conical feed reservoir into which polymer pellets are loaded. These pellets then fall into a heated barrel (Plastifier), sometimes through a metering device.

Hygroscopic - Tending to absorb moisture.

I

“I” Dimension - A specified minimum diameter inside the bottleneck. Am minimum diameter is specified to allow sufficient clearance for filling tubes to enter the bottle neck easily. For more information check out the neck finish page.

“I.D.” - An abbreviation for inside diameter

Impact resistance– Relative susceptibility of plastic to fracture by shock. Impact resistance is indicated by the energy expended by a standard pendulum type impact machine in breaking a standard specimen in one blow.

Injection Blow Molding - A molding process in which heat-softened polymer is injected from a Plastifier into a mold cavity creating a Preform, which is then transferred to a Blow Mold where air is blown into the Preform, forcing it to take the shape of the Blow Mold cavity.

Injection Molding - A molding process whereby a heat-softened polymer is injected from a Plastifier into a relatively cool cavity, which gives the article the desired shape.

Injection Molds- A mold into which a plasticated material is introduced from an exterior heating cylinder.

Injection Stretch Blow Molding - A molding process whereby Preforms are introduced into a cavity, stretched axially by a Stretch Rod, and then blown circumferentially to the shape of the Blow Mold cavity.

L

“L” Dimension – The vertical distance from the sealing surface to the top part of neck bead, i.e. where the uppermost part of the bead intersects the container neck. For a visual example of this check out the neck finish page.

“L” Style Thread- A type of thread contour (cross section) roughly trapezoidal in outline. The outermost part is radius a “general purpose” thread contour designed for use with metal or plastic closures.

Light Resistance – The ability of a plastic material to withstand exposure to light, usually sunlight or the ultraviolet part of the light spectrum, without change of color or loss of physical and/or chemical properties.

Lug - (1) A type of thread configuration designed so the thread segments are disposed equidistantly around a bottle neck (finish). The closure has matching proportions that engage each of the thread segments. (2) A small indentation or raised portion on the surface of a container. The lug provides a means of indexing the container for operation such as multi-color decoration or labeling.

M

Melt Index - The amount, in grams, of a thermoplastic resin, which can be forced through a 0.0825-inch orifice when subjected to 2160 gms. force in 10 minutes at 190° C.

Mil – A unit of measurement equal to .001 inch.

Minimum Wall – A term designating the minimum thickness of the wall of a bottle.

Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR)- The rate at which water vapor permeates through a plastic film or bottle wall at a specified temperature and at relative humidity.

Mold - Contains the cavity or cavities of a desired part in which a heat-softened polymer is shaped.

Mold Seam - A line formed at the point of contact of the Mold halves.

Multi-layer Bottle - A bottle that is co-extruded with two or more layers to container oxygen sensitive foods or industrial chemicals.

N

Narrow Mouth- A finish of a plastic container in which the diameter is small relative to the diameter of the body.

Neck- The part of a container where the shoulder cross section area decreases to form the finish.

Neck Ring - Part of the mold assembly, which forms the neck and finish of a container.

Nozzle - Hollow cored orifice that is screwed into the extrusion end of the Plastifier. The nozzle is designed to form a seal under pressure between the Plastifier and the Mold or Runner System. The front end of a nozzle may be either flat or spherical in shape.

O

Offset Printing - A printing technique in which ink is transferred from a reservoir to printing plate. For the ink printing plate, the image is printed on a cylindrical rubber roll (blanket) and then to the object to be printed.

Opaque – A term describing a material of substance, which will not transmit light.

Orientation – The alignment of the crystalline structure in polymeric materials so as to produce a highly uniform structure. Orientation can be accomplished by cold drawing or stretching during fabrication.

Overflow Capacity – The capacity of a container to the top of the finish or to the pont of overflow.

P

Paneling- Distortion, sidewall collapse of a container occurring during aging or storage. Paneling is cause by the development of a reduced pressure inside the bottle.

Parting Line – A mark on a molding or casting where the halves of mold meet in closing.

Permeability – (1) The passage or diffusion of a gas, vapor, liquid or solid through a barrier without physically or chemically affecting it. (2)The rate of such passage.

PET – (Polyethylene Terephthalate ) known as thermoplastic polyester. PET has the unusual ability to exist in either an amorphous or highly crystalline state. The crystalline state is necessary for extruding the material. The amorphous state permits it to be oriented. Examples of PET can be found on the PET plastic page.

Plasticize – To soften a material and make it plastic or moldable by means of a plasticizer or the application of heat.

Plastifier - Assembly whereby polymer pellets are fed from a Hopper into a barrel where they drop onto a turning screw which forces the pellets forward. Heater bands wrapped around the barrel melt the pellets as they are forced forward along the inside of the barrel. The molten polymer is then forced out the end of the barrel through the Nozzle.

Polyolefins-(HDPE, LDPE, PP, etc.) are primarily those polymers that are flame treated.

Polyethylene – A thermoplastic material composed of polymer of ethylene. It is normally a translucent, tough, waxy solid unaffected by water and a large range of chemicals.

Polypropylene – A tough, light –weight rigid plastic made by the polymerization of high-purity propylene gas in the presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low pressure and temperatures.

Polystyrene – A water-white thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of styrene (vinyl benzene)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- A thermoplastic material composed of polymer of vinyl chloride. PVC is a colorless solid with outstanding resistance to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and alkalies.

Pour-Out Finish- A container finish having uniform undercut lips as a sealing surface. The pour-out finish is designed to facilitate pouring with out dripping.

Preform - Used in Blow Molding processes. Heat-softened polymer is formed into a shape similar to a thick test tube with neck threads. This tube is subsequently inflated while inside a Blow Mold to create the shape of the desired article.

Programming- The extrusion of parison, which differs in thickness in the length direction in order to equalize wall thickness of the blown container. It can be done with a pneumatic or hydraulic device, which activates the mandrel shaft and adjusts the mandrel position during parison extrusion (parison programmer controller, or variator.) Varying extrusion speed on accumilator type blow molding machines can also do it.

Push Up - The recessed area on the bottle of a bottle designed to allow an even bearing surface on the outside edge to prevent the bottle from rocking.

R

Regrind- A thermoplastic from a processor’s own production that has been reground or re-pelletized after having been previously processed by molding.

Release Agent - A lubricant that facilitates molding.

Resin - Any class of solid or semi-solid organic products of natural or synthetic origin, generally of high molecular weight, with no definite melting point. Most resins are polymers.

S

“S” Dimension- Locates the position of the bottle thread with respect to the sealing surface. The “S” dimension is the vertical distance from the sealing surface to the intersection of the finish wall and the top part of the first part of bottle thread where full depth contour exists. A visual example of the S finish is located on the neck finish page.

Screen Printing (ACL) – A printing technique involving the passage of printing medium, such as ink through a web or fabric, which has been stretched on a frame, to which a refined form of stencil has been applied. The stencil openings determine the form and dimensions of the imprint thus produced.

Sealing Surface – The lip portion of the finish that make contact with the sealing gasket or liner to form a seal.

Shrinkage - The change in dimension (decrease) a molded article undergoes after being molded. Shrinkage is cause by cooling and subsequent contraction of the plastic material.

Stretch Rod - Used in Injection Stretch Blow Molding. A rod that is introduced into the Preform to stretch it in an axial direction prior to the Preform being blown into the shape of the cavity.

Surface Treating – Any method of treating a plastic to alter the surface and render it receptive to inks, paints, lacquers and adhesives. Examples of surface treating are chemical, flames or electronic treating.

T

“T” Dimensions – The outside diameter of the thread helix on a bottle finish. For an illustrated example of the “t:” dimension check out the neck finish page.

Thermoplastic - Material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled. Capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and hardened when cooled. Typical of the thermoplastics family are the styrene polymers and copolymer, acrylics, celluloses, polyethylene, vinyl’s, nylons, and the various fluorocarbon materials.

Top Load – The amount of weight bearing on the top of a container. The term is sometimes used to indicate the maximum load the container will bear without becoming distorted.

U

UV Stabilizer - Any chemical compound which, when a thermoplastic resin, selectively absorbs UV rays and minimizes chemical and/ or physical changes that may be engendered by UV.

V

Volume – Referred to as “displacement” and also as “capacity.” (1) The amount of water displace by a model of a bottle. Volume is used to estimate its capacity. (2) The about of product a bottle is designed to hold, i.e. up to the fill point of the bottle. (3) The over flow capacity, i.e. the amount of product a bottle will hold when filled to overflowing.

This article is created by SKS Bottle & Packaging, Inc. USA.

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